考研英语短文写作格式错误及纠错
分析
写作格式错误主要包括以下几个方面：题目的写法、文章的格式、大小写以及标点符号等四个方面。下面我们分别加以说明。
一、题目的写法
在考研作文中，考查的作文类型相对来说比较多。有的作文类型有时是不需要题目的，比如像有些图表类作文。但大多数作文类型对题目都是有要求的。因为题目是首先映入读者眼帘的，所以要注意题目的书写位置。一定要在试卷作文纸上的上方中间位置书写。同时还应在话题和正文之间留出一定的距离，即比正文行距稍宽一些。
其次，要注意题目的大小写，第一个单词的第一个字母和最后一个单词的第一个字母一定要大写。中间的单词除冠词、连词)但如连词的字母多于5个事，则大写)和介词外，其他的词都应该大写第一个字母。比如：
例1误：Attitudes toward Money
正：Attitudes Toward Money
二、文章的格式
(1)四边留空：卷面的四边一定要留出适当的空白。这样的文章才能整齐、美观，给人以清晰、明快的感觉。 (2)空格：文章的每段的首行一定要有统一的空格。
三、大小写方面的错误
在考研文章的评改过程中，有关大小写方面的错误层出不穷，这是考生的一个弱点。一般来说，大写规则有以下几条：
(1)大写每句话的第一个字母和直接引语的第一字母,如：
He said ,”He is going to Shanghai next week”.
(2)大写专有名词，或用作专有名词的部分普通名词，通常是缩略形式。如： Dr G .G .East (3)大写缩写字母。如：MPA ,MBA ,BBC (4)文章标题要大写。
(5)头衔在专有名词前要大写，在专有名词后就小写。例如：Captain Smith --------Smith, the captain；Uncle George-------- George ,my uncle
三、标点符号错误及分析
考生在写文章时，一定要注意正确使用标点符号，切忌从头到尾只用逗号的现象。一定要熟练掌握常用标点符号的基本用法，尤其要正确使用逗号和分号。
作文部分是考研英语试卷中最难的主观题，也是考生得分率较低的题型。从历年考试来看，考生在写作部分大量失分的原因是考生在写作中存在一些具有代表性的普遍问题。以下是一些从考生作文中摘抄下来的例子。
(1) Today, students who take part in social practice become more and more.(2) Light will be more powerful when the circumstances is more dark.(3) As a university student, we can study hard science knowledge.(4) In remote country, some children can’t go to school because no money.(5) If we help others without thinking whether others need, it perhaps decrease others confidence.(6) I think the best way to show love is our suitable help when others are facing with difficulty and need our helps.(7) In the picture below, in the dark full situation, a little of spark enlightens the dark.(8) We offer love, more important, we need love (9) But for my roommates help I couldn’t live up not only in physics but also in spirits.(10) Let’s hold our hands to build our country filled in love hearts.
上面的例子代表了考研作文中存在的一些普遍问题。这些问题概括起来主要表现在以下几个方面： ■ 审题不清，致使文章内容偏离主题。如在2002年考试中，有些考生将作文的主题定位为“中国的民族服装为何受西方人喜爱”，偏离了“文化融合”这一主题。我们知道，依据作文的评分原则，若文章内容不切题，则不管语言如何规范、用词如何准确，都会被判为零分。
■ 内容空洞，言之无物，东拉西扯，无明显主题。
■ 汉语思维，逐字翻译，中式英语。很多考生在写英语作文时，习惯于先用汉语进行构思，然后再将汉语译成英语。结果文章中出现很多中式英语，令人难以理解。大家最熟悉的一个典型例子是：Good good study, day day up （好好学习，天天向上）。 ■ 词汇量小，用词不准确，词不达意。如do some contribution中的do就属于用词不准确，应该用make。 ■ 语法错误较多，主要表现为主谓不一致，第三人称单数不加s，以及时态语态、名词单复数、句子完整性方面的错误。这些错误在考生看来可能无关紧要，但直接影响着作文的整体质量。
■ 句子单调，句型单一，句式缺少变化。
■ 不会使用起承上启下作用的过渡词语，文章缺乏连贯性。
总之，一篇优秀的英语作文在内容和语言两方面应是一个统一体，任何一方面的欠缺都会直接影响到作文的质量。然而，很多考生在写作中或者由于粗心大意，或者由于基本功不扎实而经常出现一些语法、词汇、逻辑、语篇等方面的错误。这些错误如果得不到及时的解决，将直接影响作文得高分。下面对这几方面的错误分别予以分析和说明。 1) 词汇错误
词汇方面的错误主要表现在拼写不正确、词形相近而词义不同的词的混用、名词单复数不清、搭配不当等。 (1) 拼写错误
拼写是考生应该具备的起码的基本功，但在考生的作文中却经常能发现很多拼写错误。拼写错误虽然未被列入扣分标准，但大量拼写错误的存在不仅体现出语言基本功差，同时也直接影响内容的表达。以下例子中，划线部分为拼写不正确的单词。从中可以看出，有些拼写错误影响了整个句子的意思。
...flower cuircling her head and Chinese Changming lock in her chest...
In its long history it beared excellent culture，...
In the past, we are stranged to see a person in other countries costume while now we are very familiar with this.
What I accomplished today party attribute to all of them giving me a hand to my school work.
With the development of saciety, ...
enviroment pollution,
We could do anything happyly.
If we have a family fulling of people who love you, ...(2)近形异义词（词组）混用
英语中有很多单词（词组）词形非常相似，但词义却相差甚远，使用起来往往容易混淆。这是考研英语作文中另一词汇方面的常见错误。这些词（词组）的混用或误用经常会引起歧义，有时甚至会产生相反的意思。如contribute to 和attribute to意思就完全相反，但考生常将二者混淆；其他容易混淆的词还有：
confirm （确认） —— conform （使……适合） economic （经济的） —— economical （节约的）
courage （勇气） —— encourage （鼓励）
transmit （传送） —— transform （转换）
liter （升、公升） —— litter （乱丢、乱扔）
consist of （由……组成） —— consist in （存在于……）
belong to （属于） —— belong in （应归入……） (3) 搭配不当
英语中有大量的习惯用语和固定搭配，这些搭配主要有名词、动词、形容词与介词或副词的搭配。有些考生由于对此掌握得不够牢固，经常在这方面出错，从而影响了对作文的理解。
误： to solve the question 正： to solve the problem (or: to answer the question) 误： pay attention on 正： pay attention to 误： Many changes have happened.正： Many changes have taken place.误： on my opinion 正： in my opinion (4) 用词不当
许多考生由于词汇量有限，或单词掌握得不够牢固，因此不能正确使用已学过和已经记住的单词，出现用词不当、词不达意等问题。 例如： the naive spark, enlighten the dark, a happy home, calm gulf, health knowledge等。 常见27种句法错误
任何一个句子, 尤其是书面语的句子, 首先要做到合乎语法规范, 如主谓结构完整、主谓一致、正确的时态、语态等。今天我们就把句子中最常见的语法错误罗列出来，供大家参考借鉴。
1.A series of debates between the two lecturers were scheduled for the next weekend.
主谓不一致的错误在写作中十分常见，尤其是当主语离谓语较远的时候。本句中的主语是series而不是debates或lectures，因此谓语应为单数形式，也就是要把were改为was。 2.There are many students play football on the sports ground.
本句中的错误是句式杂糅，也就是所谓的“Run-on”句。两个句子糅合在一起，没有标点符号隔开或用错误的标点符号隔开被称为“Run-on”句。改正的方法有四种：
1）变成两个独立的分句。那么此句就可以改为：There are many students on the sports ground.They are playing football.
2）通过使用分号和连词变为并列句。此句可改为：There are many students on the sports ground; they are playing football.或There are many students on the sports ground and they are playing football.3）将其中的一部分改为充当修饰成分的短语。比如这句话可以改为： There are many students playing football on the sports ground.
4）通过使用关联词if, when, who等将其中一个句子改为从句。那么此句可以改为： There are many students who are playing football on the sports ground.每一个句子都可以用不同的方式来表述，我们在写作时可以根据句子表达的需要选择最佳的句式。
Barking dogs don’t bite.吠狗不咬人。
3.There is a teacher I shall always remember.Because she has a sweet voice and a pleasant smile.
此处的错误是由于连词和标点使用不当而造成片语（fragment），也就是完整句子的一部分，它不能完整的表达句义。最常见的片语多数是由从属连词开头的，改正的方法就是将它跟主句合并。因此，这句话应该改为：
There is a teacher I shall always remember because she has a sweet voice and a pleasant smile.
4.It is important to exercise because everybody seems to watch you if you fat and out of shape.
此句的错误是缺少句子成分。英语中的形容词必须和系动词一起构成系表结构才能作谓语。因此，本句可以改为：
It is important to exercise, because everybody seems to watch you if you are fat and out of shape.
5.This great lo had killed Mrs.white, but actually this free her from her husband.
时态不一致。时态是英语中的难点之一，当用某一种时态的时候，我们感觉还不是特别难，但当两种或两种以上的时态混合使用的时候或许就会出现问题了。本句可改为：This great lo had killed Mrs.White, but actually this freed her from her husband.
What is done by night appears by day.若要人不知，除非已莫为。
6.I did not know what was happened in the claroom.
此处的错误是不及物动词的错误使用。汉语中的动词没有及物和不及物之分，因而中国的学生常常忽略这个问题。请大家注意不及物动词不能直接跟宾语，也没有被动语态。这句话应改为：
I did not know what had happened in the claroom.7.While celebrate their 20th anniversary in the restaurant, the wine gla broke and damaged Mr.White’s finger.
这个句子中的问题出在分词作状语上。正确使用现在分词作状语能使句子结构多样化，但也不可以滥用。如果用错了的话，还不如不用。此句可以改为：
While Mr.White celebrating their 20th anniversary in the restaurant, the wine gla broke and damaged his finger.或
When Mr.White celebrated their 20th anniversary in the restaurant, the wine gla broke and damaged his finger.8.The average life span in the 1980’s was much longer than 1880’s.
比较对象不一致。在使用形容词和副词的比较级时我们往往容易受汉语的影响，忽略比较对象应该一致的问题。此句应改为：The average life span in the 1980’s was much longer than that in the 1880’s.
9.Writing a eay is difficult for students who English is a second language.
这个句子中有两处错误。一个是不定冠词使用不当，元音因素前应该使用an而不是a。这不是一个难点，但考试中经常会有马虎的考生犯这类小错误。二是定语从句的关联词使用错误，应该把who改为whose。 10.The man had reproached by his daughter who was angry that he had deserted her mother for twenty years.
被动语态使用错误。请大家一定记住被动语态的基本结构是：be动词加上动词的过去分词，而其时态的变化是由be动词来体现的。在这个句子中，应把had改为was。 11.In my opinion think the company should pay for the victim’s injuries.
此句是典型的中国式英语。有许多人写作时受汉语的影响太多，甚至习惯对照每个字把汉语生硬地翻译成英语。这样就会造成一些滑稽的错误。最典型的莫过于“good good study, day day up”了。
此句中think一词是多余的，去掉就可以了。
12.When I was in university, my psychology cla had more than 500 students, often forcing me to sit on the floor.
在汉语中“有”既可以表示存在，也可以表示拥有。但在英语中，却需要用不同的方式来表达。表示存在时应该用there be句型，而表示拥有时则需要用have/has。When I was in university, there were more than 500 students in my psychology cla, often forcing me to sit on the floor.13.I enjoy reading forecasts of the future, but you wonder which will turn out to be correct.
人称不一致。在一句或一段话中，如果人称不一致会让读者感觉不知所云。在这个句子中，我们只需要将you改为I就可以了。
It’s never too late to mend.改过不嫌晚。 14.I told my friends that I was going to major in geology, which annoyed my parents.
这个句子是歧义句。它既可以理解为我告诉朋友让父母不高兴，也可以理解为我选择了地质学让父母生气。这句话可以改为：I told my friends that I was going to major in geology， and my parents were annoyed by my choice.15.If your English is not good, your going to have trouble with all the subject.
这句话中有三处显然是由于马虎造成的错误。1）人称代词your不可以做主语应改为you。2）表示将来的be going to 结构不完整，应在going前加上are。3）subject 是可数名词，应该用复数形式subjects。可别小看了这些小错误，记住“小石头也能绊倒人！”
16.The judge ordered that the suspect was detained immediately.
没有正确使用虚拟语气。在order, suggest等表示命令和建议的动词的宾语从句中应该使用should加动词原型，should可以省略。这句话应改为：The judge ordered that the suspect (should) be detained immediately.
17.Not only I wrote him a letter, but I also phoned him twice.
特殊句型使用错误。在英语中有许多特殊句型，我们必须熟记它们的意思和使用形式。常常会出错的有：the more… the more…, not only… but also…, too… to…, used to do, be used to doing, would rather… than…, so…that…, …so that…, had better等。not only… but also…结构可以用来连接两个并列的成分，并有加强语气的作用。这句话应改为：I not only wrote him a letter, but also phoned him twice.此外，not only 放于句首时需用倒装句型，所以也可改为Not only did I write him a letter, but also phoned him twice.
18.Computer technology helps us do many things, but it also prevents us to do many others.
词语搭配错误。英语中的动词后接宾语或宾补时，常有固定的搭配，大家要注意积累。此句应改为：
Computer technology helps us do many things, but it also prevents us from doing many others.
19.Never he will forget the terrible traffic accident.
未使用倒装语序。如果句子以：Not only, Never, Hardly, No sooner, Only等开头，则句子应使用倒装语序。此句应改为：
Never will he forget the terrible traffic accident.
20.Because she does not have any friend in Paris, so she feels very lonely.
由于受汉语影响,许多同学在作文中使用
：
Because…so…
和Although…but…两个错误结构。改正的方法就选择because和so中的任意一个，或although和but中的任意一个。此句可以改为：Because she does not have any friend in Paris, she feels very lonely.或She does not have any friend in Paris, so she feels very lonely.或she feels very lonely because she does not have any friend in Paris.
21.The speaker called attention to the beginning and how it ended.
名词(短语)平行结构误用The speaker called attention to the beginning and end of the movement 22.He was sympathetic, tolerant, and people respected him.
形容词平行结构误用He was sympathetic, tolerant, and respected by people.23.The boys were running, shouting and to laugh.
分词平行结构误用The boys were running, shouting and laughing.24.Jane prefers singing to dance.
动名词平行结构误用Jane prefers singing to dancing.25.To know what is good and doing what is right is not the same thing
动词不定式平行结构误用To know what is good and to do what is right is not the same thing 26.The work is handsome and skillfully done.
副词平行结构误用The work is handsomely and skillfully done.27.Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and being able.
短语平行结构误用Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
请改正下面句子中的错误。 1.Education is no longer free as it use to be.
Education is no longer free as it used to be.
2.For example, the computer that is used everywhere today to increase efficiency and save the cost of labor.
For example, the computer that is used everywhere today increases efficiency and saves the cost of labor.
3.In our country we vote for our government, the next federal election is coming again.
In our country we vote for our government when the next federal election is coming again. 4.After they expre their opinion, he decided to reduce the operational expenses.
After they expreed their opinion, he decided to reduce the operational expenses.
5.Many people are dishonest with government.Although they are married, but they don’t want to declare they are married.
Many people are dishonest with government.Although they are married, they don’t want to declare they are married.
6.The closing down of hospitals causes inconvenience for the growing number of patients in Ontario.
The closing down of hospitals causes inconvenience for the increasing patients in Ontario.
7.“How do you think of my boyfriend, Dad?” the girl ask.
“How do you think of my boyfriend, Dad?” the girl asked.
8.Winter storms that bring ice, sleet, and snow they can cause traffic problem.
Winter storms that bring ice, sleet, and snow can cause traffic problem.或Winter storms bring ice, sleet, and snow which can cause traffic problem.
9.The cake was suppose to be tasty.
The cake was supposed to be tasty.
10.The river will flood again next year unle we will build a better dam.
The river will flood again next year unle we build a better dam.
11.The runner looker as if he was winded.
The runner looked as if he was winded.
12.If I would have trained for the race, I might have won.
If I had been trained for the race, I would have won.
13.The instructor divided the work between Sam and I.
The instructor divided the work between Sam and me.
14.Her mother told her she was going to visit Alaska.
Her mother told her she was going to visit Alaska.
15.Because our car was overheating, it came as no surprise that it broke down just as it began to rain.
Because our car was overheating, it came with no surprise that it broke down just as it began to run.
16.The moon, along with Venus, are visible in the night sky.
The moon, along with Venus, is visible in the night sky.
17.Three hundred dollars are what we must pay.
Three hundred dollars is what we must pay. 18.The candidate felt unusual energetic.
The candidate felt unusual energetic.
19.The physicist Marie Curie discovered radium, she won two Nobel Prizes.
The physicist Marie Curie discovered radium, so she won two Nobel Prizes.
20.People feared that they would no longer be able to happily live in peace.
People feared that longer be able to happily.
they live would no in peace
